Tobacco Control Regulations for National Public Health Law Protection Through Regulatory Instruments
Keywords:
health law, tobacco control, cigarette advertising, smoke-free areas, health warnings, law protection, health policyAbstract
This study analyses the normative character of tobacco control regulations in Indonesia within the framework of public health protection, focusing on three key instruments tobacco advertising regulations that restrict promotion, the establishment of smoke-free areas (SFAs) in various public spaces, and the obligation to include pictorial and text health warnings on product packaging. Through a normative legal research approach, this study examines the national regulatory framework, such as the Health Law, Government Regulation No. 109/2012, Minister of Health Regulation No. 56/2017, BPOM Regulation No. 18/2025, and various related regional regulations. The results of the analysis show that these three instruments complement each other in establishing a legal system that prioritises the right to health and protects the public from the effects of tobacco consumption. These regulations represent restrictions on the commercial interests of the industry for the sake of public health. The study concludes that although the existing regulatory framework has strengthened the legal foundation for health protection, its effectiveness depends heavily on consistent enforcement, continuous monitoring, and the ability to adapt to new tobacco products and innovative marketing methods.
References
Aisyah, N., & Sarif, N. H. B. (2024). Effectiveness of Medical Technology Implementation to Improve Health System Efficiency and Reduce Disparities in Access to Health Services. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 3(1), 63–70.
Andini, H. S., Syakdiah, S., & Kusumawiranti, R. (2022). Reflecting the Effectiveness of Yogyakarta City Government's Policies in Creating a Smoke-Free Zone. Widya Pranata Hukum: Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum, 4(1), 85-100.
Berliani, T. P., Amirulloh, M., & Damian, E. (2022). Conflict on the Protection of Human Rights Related to Trademark Rights and Public Health Rights: Prohibition of Display of Cigarette Packages at Point-of-Sale Based on Indonesia’s Positive Law. Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran, 4(1), 149-161.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Crosbie, E., Sosa, P., & Glantz, S. A. (2019). Defending Strong Tobacco Packaging and Labelling Regulations in Uruguay. American Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 203–210.
Darma, I. M. W., & Mahadnyani, T. M. A. (2024). Effectiveness of Criminal Sanctions for Violators of Smoke-Free Areas in Indonesia: Challenges and Responsive Law Solutions. Kanun: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 26(3), 584-608.
Drope, J., & Schluger, N. W. (Eds.). (2018). The Tobacco Atlas (6th ed.). American Cancer Society and Vital Strategies, Atlanta.
Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., & Hitchman, S. C. (2009). The Impact of Pictures on the Effectiveness of Tobacco Warnings. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(8), 640–643.
Gilmore, A. B., Fooks, G., Drope, J., Bialous, S. A., & Jackson, R. R. (2015). Exposing and Addressing Tobacco Industry Conduct in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. The Lancet, 385(9972), 1029–1043.
Gostin, L. O. (2014). Global Health Law. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Hadi, D., Sihotang, E., & Suandika, N. (2024). Criminal Law Enforcement Against Violations of Non-Smoking Areas Based on Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 5(9), 1068-1073.
Hadi, D., Sihotang, E., & Suandika, N. (2024). Criminal Law Enforcement against Violations of Non-Smoking Areas Based on Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 5(9), 1068-1073.
Harianto, A. V., Vitrianingsih, Y., Issalillah, F., & Mardikaningsih, R. (2024). Challenges and Changes Concerning National Health Development in Indonesia: Legal Perspectives, Service Access, and Infectious Disease Management. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 5(2), 22–26.
Herisasono, A., Hardyansah, R., Nuraini, R., & Vitrianingsih, Y. (2021). Improving the Effectiveness of Legal Instruments in Addressing Environmental Pollution to Protect Public Health. Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(1), 245-250.
Hiilamo, H., Crosbie, E., & Glantz, S. A. (2014). The Evolution of Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs: The Role of Precedents. Tobacco Control, 23(1), 1-23.
Irfan, M., & M. Hariani. (2022). Cigarette Product Purchase Decision Based on Brand Image and Price. Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 3(2), 1–7.
Issalillah, F. (2022). Exploring the Interconnection Between Periodontal Health and Systemic Disease Progression in Chronic Conditions. Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(1), 173-178.
Issalillah, F., & Khayru, R. K. (2024). Public Health Policy and Adolescent Smoking Consumption in Social and Regulatory Dimensions. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 6(2), 11–16.
Kahfi, A. D., Darmawan, D., Mardikaningsih, R., Issalillah, F., & Suwito. (2023). Effectiveness of Monitoring the Use of Food Additives in Consumer Health Protection in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 59-64.
Khayru, R. K., & Issalillah, F. (2022). Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction of Public Health Care. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 1(1), 20-23.
Khayru, R. K., Marsal, A. P., & Costa, L. da. (2024). Legal Coherence and Institutional Gaps in Medical Waste Governance and Public Health Protection in Indonesia. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 5(3), 17–22.
Levy, D. T., Meza, R., Zhang, Y., & Holford, T. R. (2013). Gauging the Effect of U.S. Tobacco Control Policies from 1965 through 2014 using SimSmoke. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(4), 390–398.
Mardikaningsih, R., & Darmawan, D. (2023). Building Sustainability Policies Relevant to Local Cultural Values. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 127-132.
Marsal, A. P., & Da Silva, E. B. (2023). Implementation of ESG Principles in Indonesian Business Law: Analysis of Responsibilities, Regulations, and Implementation Challenges. Journal of Science, Technology and Society (SICO), 4(1), 47–52.
Murti, D., & Ratriyana, I. N. (2022). The Playground of Big Tobacco? Discourse Network Analysis of the Cigarette Advertising Debate and Policy in Indonesia. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 1-28.
Nalin, C., Saidi, S. A. B., Hariani, M., Mendrika, V., & Issalillah, F. (2022). The Impact of Social Disparities on Public Health: An Analysis of Service Access, Quality of Life, and Policy Solutions. Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(1), 39-46.
National Cancer Institute & World Health Organization. (2016). The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control (NCI Tobacco Control Monograph 21). U.S. National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization, Bethesda, MD, and Geneva.
Nurdin, A. A., Usman, B., Fuadi, Z., Mulyadi, M., & Yusuf, M. (2025). Effectiveness of Implementing No Smoking Area (KTR) Policy in Subulussalam City Area. Teewan Journal Solutions, 2(1), 43-48.
Pradnyana, P. Y., & Ekaputra, I. W. G. A. (2025). Effectiveness of Television Cigarette Advertising Regulation Based on Minister of Health Regulation No. 56/2017 Concerning the Inclusion of Health Warnings and Health Information on Tobacco Product Packaging. Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities, 5(4), 2413-2420.
Prayitno, R., & Miekhel, J. S. (2023). Regulation of Cigarette Use According to International Law and Indonesian National Law. Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL), 1(1), 16-22.
Putri, A., Ridwan, M., & Azhary, M. R. (2025). Implementation of Smoke-Free Are (KTR) Policy in Regional Apparatus Organizations of Merangin Regency. KESANS International Journal of Health and Science, 4(7), 1-16.
Schmidt, A. T. (2020). Is There a Human Right to Tobacco Control. Edward Elgar Publishing, 26-43.
Setiawan, R. A., Khayru, R. K., Mardikaningsih, R., Issalillah, F., & Halizah, S. N. (2023). Implementation of Indonesian Positive Law in Combating Fraud and Forgery in Health Insurance and Protection against Industrial Losses. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 271-280.
Setiawan, S., Hardyansah, R., Khayru, R. K., Putra, A. R., & Suwito. (2023). Consumer Protection in the Health Sector: The Legal Responsibilities of Pharmacists. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(2), 131-138.
Sutriyono, S., Hardyansah, R., Suwito, S., Khayru, R. K., Arifin, S., Saktiawan, P., & Pakpahan, N. H. (2024). BPOM in Monitoring and Controlling Illegal Cosmetics. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 5(2), 16–21.
Tampil, V. C., Mubasyiroh, A. A., Khayru, R. K., Darmawan, D., & Prasetyo, B. A. (2023). Legal Protection for Patients in Health Services at Community Health Centers. Studi Ilmu Sosial Indonesia Manajemen, 3(2), 85-100.
Ulucanlar, S., Fooks, G. J., & Gilmore, A. B. (2016). The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity. Tobacco Control, 25(5), 513–522.
Vitrianingsih, Y., & Issalillah, F. (2021). The National Legal System’s Effectiveness in Handling Public Health Crises Responsively and Fairly. Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(2), 203-208.
World Health Organization. (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package. World Health Organization, Geneva.
World Health Organization. (2019). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019: Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use. World Health Organization, Geneva.
